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Windmill

perhaps the most famous and known and between them and by Don Quijote de La Mancha , but was everywhere but especially in Spain, where currents of rivers were not as important as in other European countries. Can still be seen in Criptana Country (Ciudad Real) , or Consuegra (Toledo).
The windmill is a classic stone structure with cylindrical or conical, circular base, on top of which there are blades that turn wind energy in mechanical energy (motion). This top (which also serves as a cover) is a wooden framework on the drum turning stone to guide the blades in the direction of the wind, through a long tree (government, to the right of the image) outside the building, which is tied to milestones lashed down. The blades move a wheel nearly vertical (catalina), by other gear (flashlight), transmits the movement of the blade shaft to a vertical axis, which moves the tramp.
At the top of the building, under cover, there are some small windows (which are also pictured) which served as the miller knew the wind direction and, therefore, could orient the blades as best agreed with the government .
blades are available on tarps to catch the wind, which was withdrawn when the movement was not necessary, thereby increasing the duration of the mechanisms, which were generally

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The friction wheels

Cam (mechanical)

camshaft engine.

movement of a cam. In
mechanical engineering, a cam is a mechanical device made of some material (wood, metal, plastic, etc.) That is secured to a shaft and has a specially shaped contour. Thus, the shaft rotation causes the profile or contour of the cam touch, move, push or connect a piece known as follower. There are two types of followers, translation and rotation.
The union of a cam is known as a union of a point in case of a plane or line join if space. If necessary, you can add teeth to the cam to increase the contact.
a cam design depends on the type of movement to be printed in the supporter. Examples are the camshaft the internal combustion engine , programmer washing, etc.
can also perform a classification of the cams in their nature. Thus, There's the revolution, translation, desmodromic (these are those that perform a dual action effect), etc.
The machine used to make paddles is known as a generator.

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Cam sprockets

allows the transmission of rotary motion between two parallel or perpendicular lines, changing the characteristics of speed and / or direction of rotation.
Its practical applications are limited because they can not transmit large forces between the axles, because its whole operation is based on the friction that occurs between the two wheels. It is found in the dynamos of the Bicycle transmission systems at wells and rocker movement, player ...
Description
This system consists of two-wheeled solidarity with their axes, whose perimeters are in direct contact. The movement is transmitted from one wheel to another by drag (friction).
From the technical point of view we must consider at least 4 operators:
Driving shaft: having the money we want to convey. Normally be attached to a motor.
wheel driving: solidarity with the driving, pick up the rotation of this which is transmitted by friction (rubbing) to the driven wheel driven gear
: includes the rotation of the driving wheel by friction between them. Shaft driven
: get the rotation of the driven wheel and transmits it to receiver.

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The gear (gear, sprocket) is basically a wheel with teeth completely covered perimeter. The most common type of gear has straight teeth (longitudinal) but also the teeth are curved, oblique ...
For proper operation, the operator often turn solidarity with its axis, so that both are linked by a detachable joint use another operator named key.
Special cases of the sprockets are the worm and zip.

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A pulley, also called pulley, carrucha, trochlear, sheaves or cheek simpleque is a machine used to transmit a force. This is a wheel, usually solid and grooved edge, which, with the help of a rope or cable that passes through the channel ("throat"), is used as the transmission element to change the direction of movement machines and mechanisms. In addition, forming joint-rigging or hoist, serves to reduce the magnitude of the force required to move a weight, ranging in speed.
As defined by the Goupillières Haton, "the pulley is the fulcrum of a moving rope is wound on her without a full turn" acting on one end the other the strength and power.

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crank pulley bolt

The mechanism of connecting rod - crank is a mechanism that transforms a circular motion to a translational motion (or vice versa) . The most common current example is in the internal combustion engine of a car, in which the linear motion of piston produced by the gas explosion is transmitted to the crank and becomes circular motion in the crankshaft .
Schematically, this mechanism is created with two "bars" joined by a union revoluta. One end of the rotating bar (handle) is attached to a fixed point, the center of rotation, and the other end is attached to the rod. The remaining end of the rod is attached to a piston that moves in a straight line.

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Biela Pine nut

is used in the conversion of a movement rotating in a linear continuous when necessary clamping force or a large reduction ratio. This utility is especially appreciated in two practical applications: Union
removable objects. To what uses threads with grooves in "V" because its friction prevents loosening easily. It found in almost all types of objects, or using as nut unite the material itself (in this case used as a threaded nut on the object itself) or pinning the objects between the head of screw and nut. Using
as nut material itself is used in fastening systems of pulleys, computers, locks, motors, appliances ...

Holding the object between the screw and nut is used in: steel structures, assembly of thin sheets, as the rotation axis articulated objects (hospital bed, compass, sunglasses ...), etc.


displacement mechanism. For the commonly used square threads (one or more wires) due to its low friction. It is found in many everyday objects: taps, bottle caps and bottles, lipsticks, glue sticks, lifting of workshops, car jacks, clamps, clips, machine tools, corkscrews ...
For example, in the case of taps allows us to open (or close) the passage of water raising (or lowering) the shoe as we turn the key properly.
When the linear progress requires great precision (eg, measuring instruments) this device replaced with great advantage to the system rack-pinion .
Description
for the proper functioning of this mechanism need at least a screw which mates perfectly a nut (or a threaded hole).

This technical system can be raised in two basic ways:
A screw fixed position (can not move longitudinally) that the spin causes the displacement of the nut. The bar
gluing the screw does not move, but its rotation causes the cylinder Queue up or down because this is what makes the nut.

a nut or threaded hole fixed (can not rotate or move longitudinally) that produces the displacement of the screw when it rotates (the water before it can be considered an example of this operation.)



Features screw-nut system has a big advantage over other systems for converting rotary motion into longitudinal: each turn of the screw nut only moves the separation distance is between fillets ( pitch ) so that the clamping force (longitudinal) is very large.
On the other hand, has the disadvantage that the system is not reversible (we can not apply a longitudinal movement and get a dial).
screw-nut system and sliding mechanism is used in many machines can offer service in both systems that require high precision of movement (balance, micrometer screws, position transducers, position ...) and low-precision systems .
Although most of the screw-nut systems are manufactured in steel, also can be found made of other metals (bronze, brass, copper, nickel, stainless steel and aluminum) and plastics (nylon, Teflon, polyethylene, pvc ...), all depends on your operating conditions.

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Mechanism
Rack & Pinion rack and pinion mechanism is aimed at the transformation of a rotation or circular motion (gear) in rectilinear motion (zip) or vice versa. This mechanism as its name indicates, is composed of two components that are rack and pinion.
The sprocket is a wheel cylindrical gear usually describing a rotation around its axis.
The toothed rack is a piece that describes a rectilinear motion in either direction as the rotation of the pinion.
rack and pinion mechanism functions as a simple gear, this means that both the rack and pinion must have the same circular pitch, and consequently, the same module.
Pitch can be calculated from the characteristics of the pinion:
p = D / z
p = pitch of the pinion or the rack.
D = pitch diameter of the pinion.
z = number of pinion teeth.
The speeds of both elements are determined mainly by the dimensions of the pinion. Specifically:
V = D / 2
V = velocity of the rack
= rotation speed of the pinion gear
usually acts as a motor and rack driven element, so we can perform the transformation of circular motion in rectilinear motion .
processing mechanisms
rack and pinion rack and pinion mechanism has different applications as we will explain below.
The first application that we can give the rack and pinion mechanism is in the direction of a car featured in the following diagram.
address configuration: The steering system is the steering wheel and drive the steering column, which transmits the driver's steering force to steering gear, the steering gear unit, which performs reduced speed of rotation of the steering wheel, transmitting a great force to address connection and the connection that transmits the movement direction of the steering gear to the front wheels.
Steering Column: it consists of the main shaft, which transmits the rotation of the steering wheel, the steering gear and column tube, which mounts to the main axis of the body. The column tube includes a mechanism by which shrinks by absorbing the impact of the collision with the driver, for one.
steering gear: not only turns the wheel rotation direction of the movements which change the direction of tire rolling. This also reduces the speed of rotation of the steering wheel so as to ease the operational strength of management, increasing the strength of the operation and transmitting this to the front wheels.
steering gear rack and pinion: The rotation of a gear (gear) at the end of the main shaft engage with teeth that are supported in a bar (zip) changing the spin on a movement from left to right.
Another application of this mechanism is also in the drill press, as seen in the following scheme:
the operations in this type of drill are:
labor movement: the motor transmits its motion to the mandrel by the belt L, integral with the crankshaft pulley with the cone (it is a series of different diameter pulleys, but interdependent with each other and with the same axis of rotation) M head integral with the mandrel shaft. Varying
through l strap the connection between the two cone pulleys M and N, vary relations between the diameters and therefore the speeds of the crankshaft and the driven shaft. For each L cone pulley there are five different connection options with the cone M and, therefore, five different gear ratios. The back and head pulley can be changed each other, thereby obtaining a double No. relationships.
Forward movement: forward movement of the tool into the part to be drilled is obtained manually by the operator.
The operator, acting on the lever N, O turns the pinion meshing with the rack P. With the rotation of the pinion linear motion is obtained handle Q and, consequently, tree Chuck C coupled with that. It prevents the rotation of the sleeve with the mandrel shaft by a screw fixed to the head T. R
Once the advance stroke, the lever returns to its initial position by the action of a spring call.
control the driving depth: depth means forward, the stroke length of the tool into the part to be drilled, corresponding to the height H of the hole. The depth control of the advance is obtained by reading the race on the scale tool setting at the foot of the joystick. The tool is based on the piece corresponding to the point where you want to make the hole. It turns the graduated circle, adding to initial reading of the hole depth H to reach the graduation rate B C given by this sum. It latches in this position, the graduated circle to the fixed part of the machine by the screw D. The race of the tool is interrupted at the time of the stop and make contact with the tooth F, corresponding to the predetermined point on the graduated circle.
And finally the last application that we give the rack and pinion mechanism is in the lock of a door as we shall see below
This mechanism transforms the circular motion that occurs when you turn the key in reciprocating linear motion Bolt to run the same.
A lock many elements. Within what is commonly called keyhole found a few teeth, which are to enter the key belonging to lock that can turn the key and we can not unless the key is that lock. Around this
eye is a crown, which rotates the eye by turning the lock. Meshing with the pinion gear is another which in turn engages with the lock bar, which is what makes the reciprocating linear motion (is this part where the rack and pinion mechanism).
There are countless types of locks, but their use is basically the same: to safely close a door or other opening.

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Lever: the world's oldest machine

Since ancient times, humans learned to transform his little strength in a larger. This is achieved with the invention of machines. The first machines were simple systems where men and women facilitated their work, are now known as simple machines. The wheel, lever, pulley, screw, inclined plane and wedge are some simple machines. The lever and the inclined plane are the simplest of them all. Scientists believe the other machines, derivations and applications of these two.
Primitive man thanks to his intuition realized that the levers, the mechanism used in waves, paddles, etc.. they could help you make the most of your muscle strength. But it was Archimedes (287-212 BC), a scientist of ancient Greece, who succeeded in explaining the operation of the lever.
illustrated his theory with a famous phrase: "Give me a fulcrum and I will move the world", assuming they have a long enough lever could move the earth with its own forces. Archimedes
based on two principles, established the laws of the lever. Principle 1

"If you have a lever on the ends of equal weights act, the lever will be balanced by placing the fulcrum in the middle of it. "
Pincipio 2
" A weight can be decomposed into two parts acting at the same distance from the midpoint of the lever.
But ... what are really the levers?
lever is defined as a rigid bar supported at a point which applies a small force for a large force at the other end, the small force is called "power" (p) and great strength, "resistance" (R), the axis of rotation about which the lever turns is called "fulcrum" or "fulcrum" (A).
levers Using the principle of moments where one of the forces rotate the lever in one direction and the other in the opposite direction.
A variety of levers
According to the position of "power" and "resistance" with respect to the "point of support," we consider three classes of levers, which are:
1 .- In the first type the fulcrum is located between the load and the applied force. The closer the load then the force applied can be lower. It is our intuitive idea of \u200b\u200bleverage, which helps us to move a heavy load.
2 .- In the second type the fulcrum is at one end of the arm, the load is located at the closest to the fulcrum and the force applied on the remote. Thus does a wheelbarrow. Its utility is evident, the closer the load on the trolley fulcrum (wheel) is easier to move it.
3 .- In the third type, the fulcrum is at one end, but we reverse the relative positions of the load and the applied force. As the load is furthest from the fulcrum the force applied must be higher. In contrast, the load has a big move. Such are the levers that function in the joints of the arms for example.

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Leva (Mechanical)

in engineering mechanics, a cam is a mechanical device made of a material (wood, metal, plastic, etc.) That is secured to a shaft and has a specially shaped contour . Thus, the shaft rotation causes the profile or contour of the cam touch, move, push or connect a piece known as a follower. There are two types of followers, translation and rotation.
The union of a cam is known as a union of a point in case of a plane or line join if space. If necessary, you can add teeth to the cam to increase the contact.
a cam design depends on the type of movement to be printed in the supporter. Examples are the camshaft internal combustion engine, the developer of washing machines.
can also perform a classification of the cams in their nature. Thus, no revolution, translational, desmodromic (these are those that perform a dual action effect, etc.).
The machine used to make paddles is known as a generator.

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hoist

is a combination of fixed and movable pulleys traversed by a single cord having one end anchored to a fixed point.

technical elements of the system are: *



fixed pulley's mission is to change the direction of the force (power) we exert on the rope. Exercising power facilitates downstream lifting, because we can help our own weight.

*

The movable pulley mission is to provide mechanical gain of the system. Generally, each movable pulley provides a gain equal to 2. *


rope (cable) transmits forces between the elements. Its tensile strength must be based on the value of the resistance and the mechanical gain of the system, which in turn depends on the number of running blocks and their combination with the fixed.

The gain of each system depends on the combination made with the fixed and movable pulleys, for example, we may gain 2, 3 or 4 to employ a fixed pulley and a mobile, two fixed and mobile or fixed and two mobile respectively. Two pulleys hoist


three pulleys hoist hoist

three pulleys

This system has the disadvantage that the distance that an object can be raised depends on the distance between pulleys (usually between the first two pulleys, the fixed and mobile first). To fix mechanisms are used in several mobile and fixed pulleys respectively coupled common axes, are traversed by the same rope.
hoist pulleys and mobile number
Limitation on use of hoists